About the Book
Today over forty million Latin Americans classify themselves as Protestant, of which the overwhelming majority belong to some form of Pentecostalism. The rapid dissemination of Pentecostal beliefs has produced vibrant alternatives to traditional dominant culture and changed relations within the family, locality, and workplace. This volume introduces broad issues in the Pentecostal movement, including gender relations, political power and organization, and inter-Pentecostal and ecumenical relations. These themes are then examined more specifically in the country case studies, which address the historical foundations of the Pentecostal movement, patterns of and explanation for its growth, and the consequences of its expanding presence, including increased political influence.
247
About the Editors and Contributors
Anna Adams is a member of the History Department of Muhlenberg College. She was exploring her own Puerto Ricanheritage in the process of researching Latinos in the Allentown area.
Edward L. Cleary, O.P., is professor of political science and Latin American studies at Providence College. He is author of Crisis and Change: The Church in Latin America (1985) and coeditor, with Hannah Stewart-Gambino, of Conflict and Competition: The Latin American Church in a Changing Environment (1992), among other works.
Guillermo Cook.has been a major force in the Latin American theological community
as author, editor, and conference organizer. Born in Argentina, he has worked in Brazil and Costa Rica. Among his publications is The Expectation of the Poor: Latin American Base Ecclesial Communities in Protestant Perspective (1985).
Michael Dodson, a professor of political science at Texas Christian University, has pursued themes of religion and politics in Latin America in Nicaragua's Other Revolution (with Laura Nuzzi O'Shaughnessy [1990]), Let My People Live (with Gordon Spykman et al. [ 1988] ), and many other works.
Carol Ann Drogus is associate professor of political science at Hamilton College. Her much-praised doctoral research on Brazil is scheduled for publication. She has written extensively on women in Brazil.
Bryan Froehle worked for two years at the Centro de Investigation en las Ciencias Sociales in Caracas, Venezuela, and has recently assumed a research position at the Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C.
Rowan Ireland is senior lecturer in sociology and chair of Latin American studies at La Trobe University. His Kingdoms Come: Religion and Politics in Brazil (1991)was highly praises] for showing the wide range of response to religion at the grass roots.
Cecília Loreto Mariz, after doctoral studies at Boston University, returned to Brazil to teach sociology at the Universidade Federal Fluminense. Her published works in English and Portuguese include Coping with Poverty: Pentecostals and Christian Base Communities in Brazil (1994)
María das Dores Campos Machado teaches sociology at the Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. She has been an active researcher on religious subjects in Brazil. Juan Sepulveda edited Evangelio y Sociedad for some years before pursuing doctoral studies in England at Birmingham University. He has written extensively of Pentecostalism in Chile and Latin America and taught at the Comunidad Teologica Evangelica de Chile.
Hannah W. Stewart-Gambino is associate professor of government at Lehigh University. She returned in 1994 and 1995 to Chile to do extensive research on the contemporary religious situation. Her previous work includes The Catholic Church in the Chilean
249
250 About the Editors and Contributors
Countryside (Westview Press, 1992) and, with Edward Cleary, Conflict and Competition: The Latin American Church in a Changing Environment (1992).
Philip J. Williams is associate professor of political science at the University of Florida and has taught at Universidad Centroamericana Jose Simeon Canas in San Salvador, He is engaged in a multiyear research project on religion in Peru and El Salvador and among Hispanics in the United States.
Everett Wilson, a historian, directs the Centro de Investigaciones Culturales y Estudios Linguisticos in San Jose, Costa Rica. Formerly academic dean of Bethany College, he has published articles and chapters on Hispanic and Latin American Pentecostalism.
Index
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Abortion, 111, 217 Abrams, Minnie F., 99 Accountability, 149, 154, 195 Acker, Joan, 239 ADIEL. See Venezuela, Asociación de Iglesias Evangelicas Libres Afro-Americans, 50 Agrarian reform, 103, 140 Alcohol use, 17, 18, 32, 43, 48, 57, 62, 65, 70, 112, 173, 187, 188, 233 Alienation, 27, 37, 42, 43, 47, 49, 78, 102, 124,164 cultural, 87-88 Allende, Salvador, 104,235 Allentown, Pennsylvania, 11, 164, 165, 168-176,230,238 Iglesia Pentecostal Betania, 170 Iglesia Primera Corintios XIII, 172 Sacred Heart Catholic church, 169, 170 Alvarez, Sonia, 65 Alvarez, Thomas, 167 Amerindians, 89-91, 181. See also Maya Andersson, Axel and Ester, 230 Anglicans, 97, 203 Anomie, 2, 30, 101, 163, 180, 181 social vs. individual, 176, 180 Arbenz, Jacobo, 139, 145, 149 Arbizu, Francisco, 181 ARENA. See El Salvador, National Republican Alliance Arevalo, Juan Jose, 139, 149 Argentina, 30, 82, 83, 114, 228, 230 Aristocracy, 29, 30, 31 Arroyo, Victor, 12 Asceticism, 17, 49, 50, 63, 87 |
Assemblies of God (Asambleas de Dios), 4, 5, 35, 82, 86, 100, 166, 181, 231,243(n3) in Argentina, 230 in Brazil, 49, 50, 51, 61-62, 123, 124,127, 128, 129, 130, 229, 243(n5) in El Salvador, 179, 182, 186, 192, 196 in Guatemala, 143, 149, 151, 154-155, 158(n26) in Puerto Rico, 229, 244(n6) in Venezuela, 203, 205, 208, 210, 213 Association principle, 30, 34, 236. See also Community; Solidarity Authoritarianism, 32, 83, 89, 127, 195-196,197,235 Authority, 132, 133, 143, 211, 240 centralized, 196, 211, 232 See also Women, authority/ empowerment of Aylwin, Patricio, 114, 121(n107) Baptism, 147, 215, 229 Baptism of the Holy Ghost and Fire, The (Abrams), 99 Baptists, 6, 26, 97, 203, 208, 210, 221(n27) Bard, Martin, 36 Barrett, David, 165 Barrios, Justo Rufino, 141, 142 Bastian, Jean-Pierre, 2, 31-32, 37 Beliefs, 14, 17, 70, 89, 91, 153, 154, 202, 206, 215, 221(nl7), 224(n59), 233, 235, 237, 242 Belize, 4, 5, 207 Bennett, Dennis, 9 Berg, Daniel, 229 Berger, Peter, 54(n18) |
251
252 Index
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Berryman, Phillip, 3, 125 Beyer, Harald, 99, 110, 111 Bible. See Scripture Bible Society, 78 Birdwell-Pheasant, Donna, 207 Birth control, 63 Blacks, 50, 81 Bloch-Hoell, Nils, 219(n8) Boff, Leonardo, 74(n63) Bonino, Jose Miguez, 10 Born-again Christians, 32 Brandão, Carlos Rodrigues, 88-89, 95(n37), 234 Brazil, 4, 11, 16, 17, 20(n26), 26, 27, 32, 35, 43, 44, 52(n2), 53(n7), 58, 59, 64, 66, 67, 71(n6), 83, 88, 89, 101, 114, 123-135, 174, 196, 221(n23), 228, 230, 235, 241 basic-education movement in, 95(n48) Brasil para o Cristo, 123 church crentes vs. sect crentes in, 127-128,133 Congregação Crista, 123 constitution, 124 Ecumenical Documentation and Information Center (CEDI), 87 elections in, 124, 134 Peasant Leagues, 86 Workers' party, 36, 86, 124, 125, 126 See also under Assemblies of God Britain. See England Brusco, Elizabeth, 3, 58, 63, 173, 196, 238 Bueno, Juan, 181 Bundy, David, 230 Burdick, John, 3, 125, 126-127, 134, 174, 196,233
Calvin Center, 79 Calvinists, 216 Camara, Helder (Archbishop), 86 Campos-blancos, 209-210 Capitalism, 101, 117(n35), 227 Carrera, Rafael, 157(n15) Catholicism, 14, 35, 36, 48, 82, 86, 98, 106, 113,167 in Allentown, 169, 170 in Brazil, 127 |
charismatic renewal in, 9, 16, 52(n2), 81, 83, 140, 179-180, 197, 200(n54), 243 in Chile, 105 Christian base communities (CEBs), 29, 56, 64-70, 71(n6), 74(n84), 75(n85), 94(n18), 132, 134, 179, 180, 185, 188, 189(table), 190, 191 (table), 197, 200(n54), 234, 240 clergy, 108-109, 113, 116(n29), 140, 157(nl5), 185, 213, 214, 223(nn 47, 49),231 in El Salvador, 179-180, 184-185 folk, 206, 207, 216 in Guatemala, 141, 145 and human rights, 105 in Latin America, 1, 5, 10, 17, 25, 29, 78, 88, 98, 100, 105, 140, 213, 219, 219(n4), 224(n50), 227-228 religious indifference in, 98 Vatican 11, 15, 64, 103, 105, 113, 205, 212 in Venezuela, 204, 206, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215-216, 219(n3), 223(n50), 231 See also Pentecostalism, Catholic roots of; Liberation theology; Protestantism, Catholic church relations Causality, 70, 191 CEBs. See Christian base communities; Catholicism, Christian base communities CEDI. See Brazil, Ecumenical Documentation and Information Center Central American Mission, 142, 198(n10) CEP. See Chile, Centro de Estudios Públicos Change, 27, 68, 70, 79, 85-86, 90, 107, 112, 125, 126, 129, 134, 135, 140, 149, 151, 155(nl), 180, 218, 237. See also Social change/dislocation Charismatic renewal, 83-84. See also under Catholicism Charismatics, 8-10 Children, 45, 57, 84, 111, 154, 174, 187, 234 |
Index 253
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Chile, 4, 7, 13-14, 17, 24(n88), 26, 27, 30, 63,67,79,80-81,85,97-115,228, 229, 232, 235, 238 Centro de Estudios Publicos (CEP), 108-112,114 Comité de Coordinacion Evangelica, 121(n107) Comunidad Teol6gica Evangelica, 113 Confraternidad Cristiana de Iglesias, 105, 121(n107) constitution, 98, 121(n102) elections in, 114 Fraternidad Ecumenica, 113 Iglesia Evangelica Pentecostal, 100, 116(n26) Iglesia Metodista Pentecostal, 100, 104, 105, 116(nn 25, 26) Iglesia Pentecostal de Chile, 81, 118(n51) military in, 104, 105, 114, 118(n54), 119(n57) Mision Iglesia Pentecostal, 81, 118(n51) in 1960s, 101-102 Pentecostal Church of Chile, 82, 100 Protestant populations in, 106(table), 120(n78) Unidad Popular, 104 Christian and Missionary Alliance, 21(n34) Christian base communities (CEBs), 85-88, 89. See also under Catholicism Christian Church of Cuba, 82 Christian Democrats, 102, 104, 194,218 Christianity Today, 156(n14) Church of God (Iglesia de Dios), 35, 82, 84, 181, 182, 196, 209, 231, 243(n3) in Guatemala, 143, 147, 148, 149, 158(nn 26, 28) Citizenship, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133 Civic culture, 154 Civil disobedience, 161(n59) Civil rights, 140 Civil society, 28, 30, 33-34, 37, 106, 125, 129, 132, 134, 234, 236, 241 |
CLAI. See Latin American Council of Churches Class. See Social class Codes of conduct, 148, 153, 170, 171, 195-196, 242. See also Alcohol use; Dress codes; Sexuality Coffee production, 181 Cohn, Norman, 224(n59) Cold war, 149 Coleman, Kenneth, 36 Collor, Fernando, 124 Colombia, 11, 58, 61, 62, 63, 173, 196, 207 Colon, Edwin, 163, 165, 172-173 Comblin, Jose, 88 COMIBAM movement, 78, 84 Community, 90-91, 92, 95(n37), 107, 163, 164, 165, 167, 170, 180, 207, 212 Compadrazgo relationship, 215 CONESAL. See El Salvador, Confraternidad Evangélica Salvadoreña Congregação Cristã do Brazil, 82 Conscience, 44 Conservatism, 216-217, 235, 238 Considine, John, 98 Consumerism, 9, 111 Conversions, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 55, 77, 86, 91, 97, 99, 101, 105, 107, 110, 112,129,132-133,147-148,151, 154, 159(n42), 166 buying, 213 continuing, 130-131, 132, 133-134 crisis conversions, 149, 188-189 of families, 197 of husbands, 62, 63, 173, 187, 196 middle-class, 186 reasons for, 87-88, 149, 186-187, 188-189,213,232-233,240-241 Convivéncia, 131-132 Coote, Robert, 8 Costa Rica, 83, 170, 180 Cox, Harvey, 1, 3,104 Crime, 168 Cucchiari, Salvatore, 42, 59, 68
Damen, Franz, 10-11 da Silva, Benedita, 62, 86 |
254 Index
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da Silva, Luis Inacio, 124 Davis, J. Merle, 166 Dayton, Donald, 93(nn 4, 10), 242 Dealy, Glenn, 10 Death squads, 140, 149 Democracy, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 37, 85, 102, 109, 114, 153, 180, 195-196,218,236,237 Devil, 47, 49, 207. See also Evil Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements, 20(n21) Dignity, 153, 160(n55) Discipulos de Cristo, 167 Discrimination, 165, 168, 169, 175, 176 Disillusionment, 88, 134, 190,193 Divorce, 45, 63, 69, 111 Dixon, David, 63 Domestication of men, 42-43, 69 Dress codes, 50-51, 58, 146, 170, 171, 200(n49),238 Drinking. See Alcohol use Droogers, Andre, 194 Drugs, 65, 84, 171, 173, 233 DuPlessis, David, 80, 81 Durham, William, H., 124, 229 Duty, 44, 45, 46, 49-51. See also Responsibility
Eclecticism, 88-89, 91, 93 Economic development, 102, 141, 227 Ecumenism, 77-93, 103, 104, 113, 203, 205 and Christian base communities, 85-88, 94(n18) eclectic, 88-89 Education, 33, 34, 37, 95(n48), 108, 111, 113, 119(n64), 120(n74), 141, 145, 149, 157(n15), 168, 231, 233, 242 church schools, 192, 204, 234 secular schools, 217 See also Literacy Egalitarianism, 27, 31, 33, 58, 63, 126, 174. See also Equality EGP. See Guatemala, Guatemalan Army of the Poor Elections, 25, 35, 174, 218. See also Democracy; Voting; under individual countries Electronic church, 207-208 |
Elites, 87, 92, 114, 128, 180, 202, 233 El Salvador, 11, 12, 30, 33, 35, 85, 149, 179-197,232 Catholic church in, 179-180, 184-185, 188, 189(table), 190, 191 (table), 297 Centro Evangelistico, 181, 186, 200(n50) Confraternidad Evangelica Salvadoreria (CONESAL), 182, 198(nl9) crisis in, 183-184, 186, 189 elections in, 36, 40(n48), 193, 194 Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN), 36, 190, 194 Hombres de Negocio por un Evangelio Completo, 192 Iglesia Josué, 193, 200(n49) Liceo Cristiano, 33-34, 234 migrations to Honduras, 183 Movimiento de Unidad, 40(n48), 193 National Republican Alliance (ARENA), 36, 190, 194 National Solidarity Movement (MSN), 192-193,200(n43) religious affiliation in, 183-185(tables) See also under Assemblies of God Emotion, 16, 26, 159(n41), 216, 241. See also Experience Employment, 62, 66-67, 101, 124, 164, 170. See also Unemployment England, 6, 15, 201, 202, 213 Episcopalians, 229 Equador, 32, 83 Equality, 29-30, 34, 51, 59, 60, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 173, 237. See also Egalitarianism Escobar, Samuel, 2-3 Europe, 97-98, 202, 214, 218, 219(n8), 229,230 Evangelical Church of the Eternal Lord, 49 Evangelicals, 3, 7-8, 14, 21(n38), 38(n3), 83, 85, 94(n22), 110, 142, 150, 151, 152(table), 157(n24), 161(n60) in rural areas, 220(n15) in Venezuela, 201-204, 205, 212-213, 215, 217, 218, 219(n2) See also Pentecostalism Evangelical Union in Latin America (UNELAM), 82 |
Index 255
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Evangelism-in-Depth, 77 Evil, 32, 47-48, 52. See also Devil Exorcism, 52, 146, 206, 207 Experience, 14-17, 23(n79), 33, 60, 78, 91, 107,114,131-132,204,230,233,241
Falwell, Jerry, 9 Families, 32, 42, 43, 44-46, 48, 51, 52, 53(n13), 55, 56, 57-58, 59, 63, 65, 69, 70, 87, 90, 101, 109, 112, 165, 171, 173, 197. See also Marriage Feliciano, Ratil, 176 Feminism, 41, 44, 49, 51, 52, 68, 70, 238-240 Fire from Heaven (Cox), 1 Fitzpatrick, Joseph P., 163 Flora, Cornelia Butler, 3, 58, 70 FMLN. See El Salvador, Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front Fontaine, Arturo, 99, 110, 111 Foursquare Gospel, 60, 61, 63-64, 208, 229, 231, 243(n3) Followers of the New Faith (Willems), 2 Francescon, Louis (Luigi), 230 Freedoms, 7, 29, 34, 44, 49-50, 51, 52, 88, 98,237 Freston, Paul, 3, 20(n26), 124, 128, 133, 174 Fry, Peter, 41 FSLN. See Nicaragua, Sandinista National Liberation Front Fujimori, Alberto, 11, 12, 35 Full Gospel Church of God, 82 Fundamentalism, 83, 106, 205 Furman, Charles T., 157(n24)
Galdames, Luis, 98 Galilea, Carmen, 23(n79), 101, 102, 107, 111 Garrard-Burnett, Virginia, 150, 163 Gee, Donald, 80 Geertz, Clifford, 127, 129 Gelpi, Donald L., 15, 24(n84) Gender, 55-70, 125, 235, 239 division of labor, 57, 58 gender relations, 42, 51, 56, 59, 125, 153, 173, 174, 196, 238, 240 See also Women |
Gerlach, Luther P., 232 Gilfeather, Katherine, 113 Gill, Kenneth, 8, 14 Gill, Leslie, 3 Glazier, Stephen D., 3 Gonzalez, Victor, 172 Gouveia, Eliane, 49, 53(n7) Graham, Billy, 8 Great Commission, 205, 220(nn 12, 13) Greeley, Andrew M., 16 Green, Linda, 90 Gros, Jeffrey, 234 Grubb, Kenneth G., 142 Guatemala, 7, 9, 11, 27, 28, 34-35, 58, 62, 85, 86, 90, 114, 139-155, 180, 193-194, 221(n23), 228, 235, 241, 242 earthquake in, 140, 149, 150 elections in, 154 Elim church in, 146, 159(n36) Evangelical Alliance, 143, 155 Full Gospel Church of God, 147 Guatemalan Army of the Poor (EGP), 140 Iglesia del Principe de Paz, 143, 144, 158(n26) military in 9, 140, 149, 161(n59) Neo-Pentecostals in, 145-147 Protestant/Pentecostal churches in, 142(table), 144(table) social profile of, 155(nl) See also under Assemblies of God; Church of God; United States Guilt, 48 Gutierrez, Gustavo, 15-16
Haiti, 30 Harder, Kathleen, 174 Haven of the Masses (Lalive d'Epinay), 2 Healing, 8, 14, 16, 33, 60, 146, 197, 206, 207,233 Health care, 33, 34, 37, 57, 234 Hermanos, 215-216 Herring, Hubert, 141 Hispanic American Inland Mission, 146 Hoff, Paul B., 108, 111, 116(n28), 120(n74) Holiness movement, 5, 6-7 |
256 Index
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Hollenweger, Walter, 14, 21(n32), 97 Holy Spirit, 5, 9, 14, 27, 77, 80, 91, 107, 206, 207, 233, 241 gifts of, 6, 23(n79), 33 Honduras, 85, 183 Hoover, Willis C., 4, 99-100, 116(n25) Housing, 103, 164, 169 Howe, Gary, 41 Human rights, 36, 184 Hurtado, Alberto, 98, 105, 115(n11)
Iglesia de Dios. See Church of God Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus, 43, 48, 49, 50, 72(n30) in Brazil, 123, 128, 133 Income, 62, 63, 108, 119(n64) Individualism, 30, 34, 51, 52, 206, 237 Individuals, 7, 44, 45, 47, 48, 51, 92. See also Individualism Instituto Universitario de Opinion Publica (IUDOP), 182 International Church of the Foursquare Gospel. See Full Gospel Church of God. Ireland, Rowan, 3, 75(n85), 174, 180, 194, 245(n23) Is Latin America Turning Protestant? (Stoll), 4 Israel, 12 IUDOP. See Instituto Universitario de Opinión Pública
Jeffrey, Richard, 181 Jesuits, 98 John Paul II, 10, 228 Johns, Cheryl Bridges, 81, 82 Jones, Charles, 116(n25)
Kessler, Jean-Baptiste August, Jr., 108 Labor movements, 103, 118(nn 48, 49), 140 Lagos, Humberto, 118(n54) Laidlaw, Nellie, 99 Lalive d'Epinay, Christian, 2, 26-27, 32, 37, 79, 100, 101, 102, 108, 111, 117(n35), 163, 235, 236 |
Landownership, 183 Language, 170, 176, 202 La obra, 144, 147 La Ruffa, Anthony, 174 Latin America crisis in, 84, 211-212 fragmentation of religion in, 10 See also under Catholicism Latin American Bishops Conference (1955, 1992), 10, 228 Latin American Council of Churches (CLAI), 78, 82 Latin American Evangelical Conferences (1961, 1965), 82 Latin American Union of Evangelicals in Politics, 217 Latino Pentecostals, 163-176 Latourette, Kenneth Scott, 98, 110 Lawless, Elaine J., 58-59, 69, 239 Laying on hands, 33. See also Healing Leadership, 77, 84, 85, 87, 89, 101, 104, 105, 128, 145, 147, 149, 151, 154, 192, 193, 211, 215, 217, 231, 240 local, 213 and political elites, 104, 128, 180, 186. See also Pentecostalism, state relations See also Elites; Pastors; under Women Levine, Daniel, 74(n84) Liberalism, 31, 106, 111, 125, 217 Liberation theology, 15, 29, 65, 74(n63), 84, 140, 217, 221(nl7), 234, 237, 245(n28) Literacy, 17, 87-88, 91, 92, 100, 109, 130, 219(n4), 221(n22) Lugo, Juan, 164, 166, 167 Lutherans, 5, 97, 203, 205, 221(n28), 229
McCready, William C., 16 Macedo, Bishop Edir, 48, 123 Machismo, 42, 43, 44, 52, 57, 59, 64, 109, 174,238 McPherson, Aimee Semple, 60, 208 Macumba, 1, 43, 45, 89 Marianismo, 48-49, 57, 59, 64, 238 Marin, Godofredo, 218 Mariz, Cecilia, 3, 68, 86-87, 132 |
Index 257
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Marriage, 32, 141, 171 conflict in, 44-45, 46-47, 52, 58, 67, 68 fidelity in, 18, 32, 43, 57 See also Divorce; Families Martin, Bernice, 111 Martin, David, 3, 5, 20(n21), 31, 37, 43, 79, 98-99, 100, 117(n35), 125, 180, 230 Martinez, Abelino, 39(n35), 180 Martinez, Jorge, 193 Maya, 140, 145. See also Amerindians Mebius, Frederick, 181 Mecham, J. Lloyd, 98 Media, 3, 9, 11, 13, 105, 114, 123, 128, 169, 186, 194, 199(n33), 208, 227 Menzies, William, 18(n2) Methodism, 5, 6, 26, 79, 93 (nn 4, 10), 97, 99-100,202,205,229,239,242 Mexico, 32, 60, 67, 228, 236 Middle class, 108, 111, 120(n74), 176, 185, 186, 204, 208, 211, 241, 242 Migrations, 164, 167, 183, 188 of clergy, 223(n49) rural-urban, 183 Military, 12, 25, 26, 85, 184 militarism, 30, 43 See also under Chile; Guatemala Mintz, Sidney, 164 Missionaries, 4, 49, 84, 97, 107, 141-142, 143, 144, 158(n28), 165, 169, 181, 192, 201, 202, 203, 213, 230, 231 decline of Protestant missionary work, 205 from Puerto Rico, 166, 167 in Puerto Rico, 165-166 Modernization, 26, 27, 28, 31, 54(n18), 101, 102, 139, 217, 236 Montecinos, Sonia, 120(n91) Montenegro, Julio Cesar Mendez, 149-150 Mormonism, 64 Mothers' clubs. See Women, single-sex groups of Mouroux, Jean, 15, 16 MSN. See El Salvador, National Solidarity Movement Munoz Marin, Luis, 167 Music, 153, 172, 175 |
NACLA Report on the Americas, 8 National Alliance of Evangelicals, 8 Nationalism, 150, 157(n24) Nature religions, 206 Neo-Pentecostal groups. See under Pentecostalism New woman/new man, 43-44 New York (city), 163, 167-168 New York Times Magazine, 8, 169 Nicaragua, 28, 36, 39(n35), 40(n48), 85, 180,228 Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), 35 United Nicaraguan Opposition (UNO), 35 Nida, Eugene A., 3 North America, 4, 5, 69, 141, 144, 146, 201, 202, 203, 204, 213, 214, 223(n47), 228, 229, 234, 242. See also United States Norway, 230 Novaes, Regina, 61
Obedience, 46, 239 of wives, 58, 64 O'Dea, Thomas, 163 Olson, Samuel, 213 Ong, Walter J., 91 Operation Bootstrap, 167 Opinion polls, 11, 13, 35, 182-183 ORA. See Venezuela, Authentic Renewal Organization Oral cultures, 91-92, 100 Ortiz, Octavio, 185 OVICE. See Venezuela, Organization Venezolana de Iglesias Cristianas Evangelical
Pacifism, 21(n38), 81, 235 Padilla, Ren6 12 Paganism, 90 Palacios, Rafael, 185 Palau, Luis, 150 Panama, 4, 5 Paraguay, 30 Paredes, Tito, 12 Parham, Charles, 9 |
258 Index
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Parker, Cristian, 113 Pastors, 2, 4, 12, 14, 16, 26, 27, 33, 45-46, 58, 61, 83, 89, 90, 97, 102, 103, 110, 111, 113, 114, 120(n74), 145, 170, 171-173,196,211,241 age of, 109 as authoritarian, 32, 195 and Catholic/Protestant clergy, 108-109 and elites, 128. See also Leadership, and political elites foreign-born, 213, 223(n47) German Lutheran, 203 ordination of, 148-149, 196 self-supporting, 7, 148 training of, 108, 171-172, 195, 210 See also Leadership; Women, as pastors/missionaries Patriarchy, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 63, 64, 65, 68, 70, 89, 197, 235 Patronage, 31, 127, 195, 197, 241 Pentecostal Consultation of Liberation Theology (Puerto Rico), 84 Pentecostalism adaptability of, 214-215 assets, 5, 145, 230-231 Catholic church relations, 113. See also Protestantism, Catholic church relations Catholic roots of 2, 21(n32), 31 church attendance, 110, 148, 150, 169, 170, 171, 173, 187 church beginnings, 92, 228-229, 243(n3) church membership, 16-17, 110 compared with CEBs, 68-70, 74(n84), 75(n85), 189(table), 191(table) congregational aspects of, 26, 27, 37, 153 criollo, 100 criticisms of, 16, 90, 154 and cultural traditions, 196-197, 214 dissident sector of, 91 drop-outs from, 148 and ecumenical movements, 82. See also Ecumenism financial support for, 4-5, 144, 145, 150, 158(n27), 159(n34), 186, 192, 230-231, 242. See also Tithing |
foreign interventions in, 231 groups, 9, 112, 116(n26), 143, 166, 243(n3) growth of, 27-28, 80, 91, 97-101, 106-110,123-124,143-145,150, 151, 154, 167, 170, 176, 180, 181-187, 192-197, 199(nl9), 208-209,213,228,229,232,236 image of God in, 42 member characteristics, 189(table) names of denominations, 229-230, 243(n5) Neo-Pentecostal groups, 9, 50, 61, 145-147, 152(table), 161(n57) numbers of followers, 1, 4, 7, 18, 20(n26), 101, 110, 116(n28), 123, 143, 144(table), 145, 147(table), 152(table), 158(nn 26, 33), 159(n42), 166, 169, 181, 182, 227, 229, 237 and politics. See Political issues problems within, 110-112, 114 prophetic aspects, 8, 114, 115, 135, 146, 186 Protestant roots of 5, 93(n4), 144-145, 202, 204, 219(n8),228 state relations, 104, 105, 114, 180, 186, 192, 194, 197, 199(n34), 232, 235, 237-238. See also Status quo studies of, 2-3, 42, 55, 56, 78, 86, 102, 125,143,180,182-183,232 See also Evangelicals; Pastors Pentecostalism in Colombia (Flora), 3 Penyak, Lee, 156(n13) Perfection, 6-7, 18 Peru, 11, 12, 18, 27, 35, 67, 114, 228, 235
El Frente Evangelico, 12 Petersen, Douglas, 4, 5, 14 Pethrus, Lewi, 229 Philosophy, 15 PIEDAD. See Programa Integral Educational de las Asambleas de Dios Pietism, 5-6, 93(n4), 221(n28) Pinochet, Augusto, 105, 114, 235 Plymouth Brethren. See under Venezuela Pneuma, 94(n18) Poblete, Renato, 101, 104, 163 |
Index 259
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Political issues, 9, 11-14, 28-31, 56, 154, 191 (table) and Pentecostal growth, 192-194 political involvement, 11-12, 13-14, 32, 33,34-36,43,62,65,67,68,70, 71(n6), 79, 85, 86, 87, 104, 114, 125-129,131,133,146,155, 161(n59), 174-175, 176, 191, 194, 216, 235, 236, 237 political learning, 12 political noninvolvement, 12-13, 26, 28, 33,37,83,102,104,105,124-125, 125-129,131,132,133,135, 161(n59), 171, 174, 179, 190, 191, 193,216,232-234,235 political parties, 11, 12, 25, 35-36, 40(n48), 83, 114, 121(n104), 190, 192, 200(n39), 217, 218, 232 radicalism, 125, 126, 127, 134 See also Democracy; Elections; Leadership, and political elites; Pentecostalism, state relations; Voting Pond, Theodore, 202 Poverty/poor people, 80, 84-85, 86, 88-89, 92, 112, 120(n74), 126, 127, 147, 150, 153, 164, 175, 176, 184, 185, 187-191,206-207,210,211, 224(n59), 240-241, 242 Pragmatism, 13, 17, 18, 24(n84), 111, 114, 128-129,135,163 Prayer, 216 Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions, 141 Presbyterians, 5, 26, 63-64, 93(n10), 141-142, 158(28), 202, 205 Private-/public-spheres, 55, 56-57, 61-65, 66-67,68,69,70,109,127-128 Privatization, 25 Programa Integral Educacional de las Asambleas de Dios (PIEDAD), 234 Propaganda, 150 Prophecy. See Pentecostalism, prophetic aspects Proselytizing, 10, 11, 26, 113, 150 Prosperity, 48-49, 62, 83 Protestantism, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 14, 25, 26, 29, 31, 49, 101, 106(table), 221(n23) beginning of Chilean, 97-98 |
in Brazil, 123 Catholic church relations, 113, 212-214, 233 clergy, 108-109, 113. See also Pastors decline of missionary work, 205 divisions in, 105-106 growth of, 110, 141-143, 149 in Guatemala, 141-143, 142(table) importance in Chile, 105, 119(nn 56, 58) in New York, 168, 169 and the state, 161(n59) See also Evangelicals; Pentecostalism; individual denominations Public sphere. See Private-/public-spheres Puente, Felix, 169 Puerto Rico/Puerto Ricans, 11, 18, 163-176, 186, 221(n23), 228, 229, 244(n6) Pullin, Thomas A., 157(n24) Puritanism, 29, 49 Puryear, Jeffrey, 101
Race relations, 125, 175 Radicalism. See under Political issues Ramirez, Raul, 172 Reading, Pennsylvania, 164 Real estate, 145, 231 Reforms, 103, 139, 140, 142 Refugees, 9 Reglamento local manual, 149 Religious culture, 127, 128, 129-130, 132, 134,135 Religious-right, 9, 141, 234-238 Repression, 11, 12, 27, 104, 105, 140, 184, 185 Responsibility, 32, 48, 49, 50, 51, 62, 128, 131, 132, 133, 154, 237, 238. See also Duty Revivalism, 5, 6, 7, 28, 204 Reyes, Jose A., 167 Reyes, Miriam and Rambn, 171 Right-wing movements, 83, 146. See also Religious right Rios Montt, Jose Efrain, 9, 11, 35, 140, 146, 150, 154, 156(nn 13, 14), 161(nn 57, 60), 180 Rios Paredes, Otoniel, 159(n36) |
260 Index
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Rivera, Gilbert, 176 Roberts, Bryan, 180, 242 Robertson, Pat, 9 Rodriguez, Edgardo, 192, 200(n43) Rodriguez, Hector, 172 Rodriguez, Jose, 170 Romero, Oscar (Archbishop), 184 Rosenberg, Tina, 37
Safe-haven theory, 104 Schultze, Quentin, 91, 92 Scott, Ahaunna, 51 Scripture, 6, 7, 12, 13, 16, 18(n2), 45, 58, 80, 87-88, 100, 111, 161(n59),174, 205, 212, 219(n4), 221(n22), 233, 242 and democracy, 218 interpreting, 195 Sectarianism, 79, 84-85, 92, 93(nlO), 113, 140 Secularism, 1, 6, 186, 190, 191, 194 Seizure by the Spirit, 2, 14, 15 Self-criticism, 48, 83 Separation of church and state, 98 Sepulveda, Juan, 33 Serrano, Jorge, 9, 154, 161(n57), 162(n), 193-194 700 Club, 182, 193 Sexuality, 58, 111, 171 sexual harassment, 50 See also Marriage, fidelity in Sherman, Amy, 31 Sicily, 59 Simon, Jean-Marie, 156(n14) Simons, Marlise, 8 Simpson, Albert B., 6, 21(n34) Siteman, Thomas, 176 Social change/dislocation, 180, 188, 235. See also Change Social class, 65, 107, 109, 110, 204, 210, 215. See also Elites; Middle class; Poverty Social exclusion, 102, 107 Social justice, 64, 65, 125, 128, 135, 175, 176,190 Social mobility, 216, 233, 237, 240 Social organizations, 103. See also Women, single-sex groups of |
Social works/services, 33, 65, 103, 145, 146, 174-175, 224(n50), 234, 237, 240 Sociology of religion, 92 Soderland, Jean, 239 Solidarity, 90, 95(n37), 184, 187. See also Community Solivan, Samuel, 175 Spain, 214 Speaking in tongues, 6, 8, 14, 17, 21(n34), 33, 60, 81 Spykman, Gordon, 79 Statistics, 7, 109, 150, 209 Status quo, 128, 180, 194, 218, 234, 245(n23). See also Pentecostalism, state relations Stereotypes, 4, 17, 35, 36, 55, 59, 78, 124, 125,126,228-243 Stevens, Evelyn, 59 Stoll, David, 4, 79, 143, 158(n27), 162(n), 163, 164, 180 Suenens, Cardinal Leon-Joseph, 9 Sweden, 93(n4), 98, 229, 230 Syncretism, 89 Syverson, H. S., 181, 182
Tarrow, Sidney, 13 Taylor, William D., 7, 8 Testimonies, 6, 16, 48, 60, 107, 195 Theology, 7-8, 14-18, 80, 204, 241-242 dualistic, 32-33 See also Liberation theology Third World, 10, 84, 165 Tithing, 17, 18, 148, 170, 195 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 29-30, 34, 237 Tolerance, 47, 48, 98 Traverzo Galarza, David, 168
UEPV. See Venezuela, Union Evangelica Pentecostal Venezolana Underclasses, 107. See also Poverty UNELAM. See Evangelical Union in Latin America Unemployment, 65, 167, 169, 170, 184 United States, 6, 15, 29, 79, 82, 83, 119(n64), 165, 202, 218, 239 Civil War, 6 cultural domination by, 213 |
Index 261
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and Guatemala, 139, 140, 156(nn 12, 13) National Council of Churches, 103 Society for Pentecostal Studies, 94(n18) Universal Church of the Reign of God. See Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus. UNO. See Nicaragua, United Nicaraguan Opposition Urban areas, 30, 31, 88, 89, 101, 102, 180, 183-184,195,212,214,231 urbanization, 206
Vaccaro, Gabriel, 82 Valazquez, Martin, Sr., 169 Values, 151, 153, 175, 180, 202, 206, 218, 237 Valverde, Jaime, 180 Van den Eykel, Myrna, 63 Van Dusen, Henry, 166 Vega, Francisco and Miriam, 169, 170 Venezuela, 12, 18, 114, 201-219, 235, 241 Asociacion de Iglesias Evangelical Libres (ADIEL), 221(n28) Authentic Renewal Organization (ORA), 217-218, 232 campos-blancos in, 209-210 Caracas, 202, 203, 209(table), 210, 212, 213,221(n27),223(n47) Colegio Americano, 202-203 Democratic Action party, 218 elections in, 218 Evangelical Union, 82 growth of religious groups in, 209(table) Iglesia Evangelica Pentecostal Las Acacias, 222(n33) Organizacion Venezolana de Iglesias Cristianas Evangelicas (OVICE), 221(n28) Plymouth Brethren, 203-204, 209, 210 Unión Evangélica Pentecostal Venezolana (UEPV), 84 See also under Assemblies of God; Catholicism Villafañe, Eldin, 168 |
Vingren, Gunnar, 229 Violence, 79, 80, 84, 85, 87, 112, 139, 140, 240 Virgin Mary. See Marianismo Voting, 11-12, 67, 104, 127, 175. See also Elections
Wagner, C. Peter, 108, 171-172 Wakefield, Dan, 165-166 Waldrop, Richard, 147 Wallis, Jim, 135 WCC. See World Council of Churches Weber, Max, 41, 54(nl8), 117(n35) Wesley, John and Charles, 6 Wiarda, Howard J., 10 Willems, Emilio, 2, 15, 26, 27, 37, 63, 101, 111, 117(n35), 126, 163, 180, 236 Williams, Ralph, 181 Wilson, Everett, 7, 8, 15, 17, 33-34, 78, 83, 167 Winn, Peter, 87 Women, 32, 41-52, 55-70, 79, 103, 108, 109-110,170,171,173-174,187,234 abuse of, 112 authority/empowerment of, 57, 63, 67, 68-69, 70, 120(n76), 160(n44), 165, 238,239 leadership of, 49, 57, 59, 60, 61-62, 66, 67, 70, 145, 160(n44), 173, 187, 196, 210,239 Mayan, 90 as pastors/missionaries, 49, 58-59, 60, 69, 72(n39), 81, 196, 210, 239 single, 240 single-sex groups of, 59-60, 61, 65, 66 See also Feminism; Gender; Marriage Worker in Cane (Mintz), 164 Work ethic, 101 World Council of Churches (WCC), 78, 79, 80, 101, 113, 118(n51), 205 World Vision, 78
Zub, Roberto, 35 |